Author: Courtney Erwin

Inheritance Law Reform in Morocco: At the Intersection of Human Rights and Religious Identity

/ Courtney Erwin / Leave a comment

Last week, the president of Morocco’s National Human Rights Council (CNDH), Driss El Yazami, publicly released the Council’s most recent report on gender equality and parity in Morocco. The content and recommendations contained therein were broad, addressing a range of issues related to laws affecting women. However, one issue, in particular, received significant attention and has been the subject of heated debate here in the country: inheritance law.

The report comes four years after the adoption of a new, Arab Spring-inspired constitution and ten years after a controversial yet much celebrated reform of the Moroccan Family Code (al-mudawwana). While the CNDH has issued previous reports and memoranda on gender, the CNDH noted that the report was “the first of its kind” to review the efforts and achievements to promote and protect the rights of women in Morocco, but also to present the challenges, gaps, and obstacles that continue to prevent women from enjoying all of their human rights. The report is comprised of three chapters, addressing (1) gender equality and non-discrimination, (2) equality and parity in economic, social, and cultural rights, and (3) public policies and their impacts on women that are most vulnerable to human rights violations, and it offers 97 recommendations intended to ensure the full participation of women in society and their equal access to services and resources. From a human rights perspective, it is impressive.

In a press statement after the conference, El Yazami said, “There will be no democratic progress or fair and sustainable development in Morocco without the empowerment and full participation of women, who make up one-half of Moroccan society.”

The report provided many opportunities for controversy, but its recommendations relating to inheritance generated the most coverage in the Arabic- and French-language press. The report commented on current legislation around inheritance, which stipulates that male heirs receive double that of female heirs, among other such provisions. It then recommended an amendment to the Family Code giving women the same rights as men in the context of inheritance. In supporting its recommendation, the CNDH referred to both national and international law, citing Article 19 of the 2011 constitution and Article 9 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), of which Morocco is a party.

The most trenchant response has come from the Justice and Development Party (PJD), the ruling political party in Morocco since 2011. While they are often referred to as “Islamist,” the party describes itself as a political party with an Islamic frame of reference, an important distinction, I have learned, here in Morocco.

The party has referred to the report as an “unacceptable provocation,” criticizing its perceived overreach into the religious domain. Its principal objection has been that the recommendation to amend the inheritance laws contravenes explicit textual directives in the Qur’an, which the party says are not open to interpretation. Thus, they contend, the recommendation lacks legitimacy and legality in Morocco.

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It’s Time for Girls to Take Back Their Schools

/ Courtney Erwin

When seventeen-year old Malala Yousafzai won the Nobel Peace Prize, she became the first child ever to receive the award. In May, only five months after that historic moment, two important events aided the cause for which she was recognized—the right of all children to education.

On May 12, the Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack launched Lessons in War 2015: Military Use of Schools and Other Education Institutions during Conflict, a report with cutting-edge analysis about the global problem of armed forces using education institutions during armed conflict. Two weeks later, on May 28-29, representatives from countries from around the world gathered in Oslo, Norway, to respond to those findings by endorsing a Safe Schools Declaration. Their endorsement signaled their commitment to protect education from attack and, importantly, to use new international Guidelines for the Protection of Schools and Universities from Military Use during Armed Conflict.

In her 2013 autobiography, Malala Yousafzai describes discovering that a school run by her father had been used as a military base by Pakistani government forces while she and her family were displaced by the fighting in and around her hometown. “I felt sorry that our precious school had become a battlefield,” she lamented.

When I worked for the Qatar-based Education Above All Foundation (EAA), I met with representative from the ministries of foreign affairs, defense, education, and the armed forces of 18 countries. These countries contributed to the drafting of these new Guidelines, which address the problem of government armed forces and non-state armed groups using schools and universities for military purposes during times of armed conflict.

These countries took an interest in this issue because of early research presented to them by the Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack, of which EAA is a member. Now, three years later, that early research has been significantly updated and expanded. On May 12, its findings were formally presented in Geneva at a panel discussion attended by representatives of twenty-one states as well as members of civil society.

The report documents how, in the vast majority of conflicts around the world, schools are converted into barracks, logistics bases, operational headquarters, weapons and ammunition caches, detention and interrogation centers, firing and observation positions, and recruitment grounds. The study reveals that schools and universities have been used for military purposes by armed groups, regular armies, multinational forces and even peacekeepers in at least 26 countries with armed conflict since 2005. Snipers have been positioned at classroom windows, concrete fortresses have been erected on school roofs, razor wire has been fixed around playgrounds, sandbags have been used to block school gates, schoolyards have been used to park armored vehicles in, and soldiers have slept in children’s classrooms.

The practice of using schools for military purposes endangers students and teachers by turning their schools into targets for enemy attack, and students and teachers have been injured and killed in such attacks. The report also documents how this under-reported, yet gravely problematic, tactic affects girls’ right to education. The presence of military actors and the shift in gender balance often discourage parents from sending their girls to school. Parents fear their daughters becoming victims of gender and sexual based violence or being subject to sexual harassment.

The UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women agrees. It recently called upon India to “prohibit the occupation of schools by security forces in conflict-affected regions,” citing “that girls are subjected to sexual harassment and violence, including in conflict-affected regions where the reported occupations of schools by the security forces contributed to girls dropping out of school.”

Here are a few more examples: Families from a village in the Central African Republic, stopped sending girls to the local school for fear of sexual violence by armed forces occupying the school. At a school in India, the presence of just 10 paramilitary police officers prevented the school from opening a previously approved residential hostel for 200 disadvantaged girls. Because students would remain overnight on the campus with the police, parents refused to register their daughters for fear of sexual misconduct. When soldiers used Asal Haddah School, in Sanaa, Yemen, they displaced more than 1,000 girls. Three hundred were sent to Asal al-Wadi School, attended by approximately 800 boys. The school administration shortened study sessions by one class and an hour each day for the girls displaced into the new school, so as to avoid mingling between the boys and girls when leaving school. Teachers also did not allow the girls out of the classrooms during breaks for fear of them interacting with the boys.

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